In 1988, Kenya held elections under a system so designed for manipulation that it became a global byword for electoral fraud. Voters chose their candidates by queuing behind them publicly in full view of party officials and security forces. Secret ballots were eliminated.
Intimidation was systematic. Politicians whose loyalty to Moi was questionable simply did not receive enough queue-voters, regardless of their actual support. The 1988 elections were perhaps the lowest point of Kenya's democratic history.
The outrage they produced, domestic and international, contributed to the pressure that eventually restored multiparty politics.